<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en">
	<id>http://www.archiwik.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Spammer</id>
	<title>Archiwik - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="http://www.archiwik.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Spammer"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php/Special:Contributions/Spammer"/>
	<updated>2026-04-18T17:33:46Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.43.3</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Villa_Savoye_abandoned&amp;diff=1093</id>
		<title>Villa Savoye abandoned</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Villa_Savoye_abandoned&amp;diff=1093"/>
		<updated>2019-10-15T20:49:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:57fbc8aff87b4921a0b1a9c11ad109d7.jpg|320px|thumb|right]]Le Corbusier&#039;s Villa Savoye, constructed from 1928-1932 as a new country home for clients Pierre and Eugénie Savoye, was inhabited for less than ten years before the Savoyes were forced to abandon the property following the outbreak of World War Two.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://villasavoye.weebly.com/the-building.html History]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Villa Savoye - Le Corbusier&#039;&#039;. Retrieved June 28, 2018&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
During the war, the villa was occupied first by German, then US troops, during which time it was looted and heavily damaged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Savoyes were faced with a bill in the region of $80,000&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Bashar Al Shawa, [http://misfitsarchitecture.com/2011/09/03/the-darker-side-of-villa-savoye/ &amp;quot;The DARKER Side of Villa Savoye&amp;quot;], &#039;&#039;misfits&#039; architecture&#039;&#039;, September 3, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; in order to make the house habitable again after the war. Understandably reluctant to do so, in light of a sometimes fractious relationship with the house and its architect during the 1930&#039;s,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For some of the strained correspondence between Mme Savoye and Le Corbusier, see: Jacques Sbriglio, &#039;&#039;Le Corbusier - The Villa Savoye&#039;&#039; (Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 2008), 107-109.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the Savoyes choose to leave the structure abandoned, while still retaining ownership.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the years following, the empty villa continued to deteriorate; it was at one stage used as a hay loft, and the local town of Poissy unsuccessfully attempted to expropriate the building in order to demolish it to make room for the expansion of a nearby school.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Devanshi Shah, &amp;quot;[https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/iconic-house-villa-savoye-le-corbusier/ Iconic House: Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Architectural Digest&#039;&#039;, February 5, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bernard Tschumi, in his 1976 article &amp;quot;Architecture and Transgression&amp;quot; records visiting the villa in its state of vandalism and disrepair. &amp;quot;Those who in 1965 visited the then derelict Villa Savoye certainly remember the squalid walls of the small service rooms on the ground floor, stinking of urine, smeared with excrement, and covered with obscene graffiti.&amp;quot; This, he argues, was not an unnatural state for the building to be in, but on the contrary, one in which it &amp;quot;was never more moving&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Quoted in Nadir Lahiji and D.S. Friedman, &amp;quot;At The Sink: Architecture in Abjection&amp;quot;, in: &#039;&#039;Plumbing - Sounding Modern Architecture&#039;&#039;, eds. Nadir Lahiji and D.S. Friedman, (Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 1997) 34-60. &amp;quot;Society scares easily at these aspects of sensuality that it qualifies as obscene,&amp;quot; Tschumi continues, citing St. Augustine: &amp;quot; &#039;Inter faeces et urinam nascimus&#039; (we are born between excrement and urine).&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Following a campaign led by Le Corbusier, and leveraging significant international support, the Villa became the first modernist building to be added to the French register of historical monuments in 1965,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See: Sbriglio, &#039;&#039;Le Corbusier - The Villa Savoye&#039;&#039;, 112-115.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; providing the impetus needed to kick start its preservation. It was not until 1985 that work started on a full refurbishment, with the restoration of many of its original features, work that was completed in 1997.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://villasavoye.weebly.com/the-building.html History]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Villa Savoye - Le Corbusier&#039;&#039;. Retrieved June 28, 2018&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== René Burri, The Villa Savoye, 1959 ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The building in its abandoned state was documented in 1959 in a series of memorable photographs by Magnum photographer René Burri.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
F48574da1d3a3831617070c08cf72706.jpg|&lt;br /&gt;
978048f509cc4a6e54c4f0e093227aae.jpg|&lt;br /&gt;
4691d39322f4fe27ce8b48f2d5600da4.jpg|&lt;br /&gt;
212ec467ae180310ed9d0e338b065485.jpg|&lt;br /&gt;
43c4b9ff92757b732a20e3f4c30e966c.jpg|&lt;br /&gt;
Ffeb4e7c74dd107d9c872f6bfb298533.jpg|&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Buddleja_davidii&amp;diff=749</id>
		<title>Buddleja davidii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Buddleja_davidii&amp;diff=749"/>
		<updated>2018-11-27T17:30:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Buddleja davidii (2559141442).jpg|thumb|Buddleja davidii]]&#039;&#039;Buddleja davidii&#039;&#039; is a flowering woody shrub widespread in temperate climates globally. Originally native to the Sichuan and Hubei provinces of central China, the plant was first introduced to Europe in the 1880s as an ornamental garden perennial with vigorously flowering summer blooms known for attracting butterflies and bees. Its small and light seeds can be easily borne by the wind, which has seen the plant spread widely and unpredictability, including taking root in the mortar of neglected or abandoned buildings and waste ground around urban centers. As a result, the plant is often classified as an invasive species, though it continues to be cultivated by gardeners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Botanical characteristics===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The tree-like shrub is semi-deciduous, with leaves shed in the autumn that are immediately replaced with new, smaller leaves that persist until the following spring. It grows quickly, often up to two meters in a year, and has a high degree of plasticity to its form, depending on the terrain where it has taken root.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Susan Ebeling and Nita Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/10314 Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;CABI Invasive Species Compendium&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Its leaves are dark green with a serrated edge and very fine hairs on the underside. The plant&#039;s small flowers are generally an intense purple or lilac in the wild, whereas cultivated varieties can be red, white or yellow, with an orange interior. The flowers cluster in thick inflorescences  that can extend for up to 30 cm at the end of the plants&#039; branches, forming distinctive cone-shaped panicles.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The flowers have a strong peppery, honey-scent and act as magnets for butterflies when they bloom in summer, lending the plant one of its informal names, &#039;butterfly bush&#039;. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddleja_davidii Buddleja davidii]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Wikipedia&#039;&#039;, last modified September 24, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/4587.shtml Butterfly bush]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;BBC Gardening Plantfinder&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The small seeds of Buddleja davidii are brown, with thread-like &#039;wings&#039; on either side of a thicker centre. They are usually around 3 x 0.5 mm in size.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; An individual buddleja plant can produce up to three million seeds in a year, which are highly-dispersible over a large area in a short space of time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.wiseknotweed.com/services/buddleia/ Buddleia]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Wise Knotweed Solutions&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Flourishing on abandoned buildings and wasteland===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BétonReinforcedConcrete2008 518.jpg|thumb|Taking root in reinforced concrete wall]]Buddleja davidii is classified as an invasive species and a threat to native plants in the temperate climates of coastal North America, Europe and New Zealand. The plant&#039;s tolerance of a wide range of conditions and ability to quickly produce seeds has seen it spread from cultivated gardens to wild or disturbed lands such as road cuts or new development sites.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plant first naturalized on a wide scale in Europe in the 1930s and 40s when the destruction of cities during World War II provided suitable habitats in the form of building rubble for dense buddleja thickets to become established.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The plant feeds on lime-rich mortar and can use the fissures between bricks to gain hold, able to thrive on minimal nutrients once established. One of its original natural habitats in China was on limestone outcrops.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.buddlejagarden.co.uk/introdav.html An Introduction to Buddleja davidii]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Buddleja Garden&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As the plant takes hold, its root systems can weaken masonry and brickwork as they grow, causing potentially costly repair bills or even rendering a property unstable.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Buddleia&amp;quot;, Wise Knotweed Solutions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Buddleja davidii also thrives in quarries, urban waste grounds, abandoned cultivated areas, and along transport corridors, where its seeds can be spread by trains and cars.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plant&#039;s increasing ubiquity across derelict inner-city sites and around the edgelands of industrial infrastructure have seen it embraced by urban geographers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Lower Garfield Street, Belfast (3) - geograph.org.uk - 693092.jpg|thumb|Lower Garfield Street, Belfast]]Belfast-based architect and urban historian Declan Hill has lectured on buddleja and hosted walking tours around abandoned or neglected sites in Belfast city centre, in search of the most luxuriously blooming examples.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Declan Hill, &amp;quot;[http://www.placeni.org/2017-events.html Belfast&#039;s Buddleia in Bloom]&amp;quot;, 12th of August 2017, hosted by PLACE, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Artist Aoife Desmond&#039;s &#039;&#039;Buddleja Forest&#039;&#039; is a 2012 film work that overlays Super 8 mm photography of buddleja plants and the urban habitats they have colonised with a series of interviews and audio recordings with botanists, an architect and a herbalist.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Aoife Desmond, &#039;&#039;Buddleja Forest&#039;&#039;, 2012, colour super 8mm film, 6 mins, sound, https://aoifedesmond.com/#/buddleja/.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eoin O’Mahony and Stephen Rigney, in their online mapping project of brownfield sites in the north inner-city of Dublin, view buddleja as a positive emblem of disorder in the context of planning processes over-determined by the exchange value of derelict property and sites: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Buddleia, and the sites on which it grows, echoes Mary Douglas’s two conditions for people and things being out of place: ‘a set of ordered relations and a contravention of that order’.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eoin O’Mahony and Stephen Rigney, &amp;quot;‘What&#039;s the Story Buddleia?&#039; Opening up a public geography of dereliction in Dublin City&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Irish Geography&#039;&#039;, 48, May 2015, 89.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The out-of-placeness of both buddleja and the derelict sites it makes its home has a productive capacity, in that it contravenes the assumption of an economic order ceded to formal planning processes centering on permanency. &amp;quot;When we speak about a set of ordered relations for the city, whose order are we talking about?&amp;quot;, O’Mahony and Rigney ask.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid., 96.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Buddleja_davidii&amp;diff=748</id>
		<title>Buddleja davidii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Buddleja_davidii&amp;diff=748"/>
		<updated>2018-11-27T17:14:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Buddleja davidii (2559141442).jpg|thumb|Buddleja davidii]]&#039;&#039;Buddleja davidii&#039;&#039; is a flowering woody shrub widespread in temperate climates globally. Originally native to the Sichuan and Hubei provinces of central China, the plant was first introduced to Europe in the 1880s as an ornamental garden perennial with vigorously flowering summer blooms known for attracting butterflies and bees. Its small and light seeds can be easily borne by the wind, which has seen the plant spread widely and unpredictability, including taking root in the mortar of neglected or abandoned buildings and waste ground around urban centers. As a result, the plant is often classified as an invasive species, though it continues to be cultivated by gardeners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Botanical characteristics===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The tree-like shrub is semi-deciduous, with leaves shed in the autumn that are immediately replaced with new, smaller leaves that persist until the following spring. It grows quickly, often up to two meters in a year, and has a high degree of plasticity to its form, depending on the terrain where it has taken root.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Susan Ebeling and Nita Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/10314 Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;CABI Invasive Species Compendium&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Its leaves are dark green with a serrated edge and very fine hairs on the underside. The plant&#039;s small flowers are generally an intense purple or lilac in the wild, whereas cultivated varieties can be red, white or yellow, with an orange interior. The flowers cluster in thick inflorescences  that can extend for up to 30 cm at the end of the plants&#039; branches, forming distinctive cone-shaped panicles.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The flowers have a strong peppery, honey-scent and act as magnets for butterflies when they bloom in summer, lending the plant one of its informal names, &#039;butterfly bush&#039;. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddleja_davidii Buddleja davidii]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Wikipedia&#039;&#039;, last modified September 24, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/4587.shtml Butterfly bush]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;BBC Gardening Plantfinder&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The small seeds of Buddleja davidii are brown, with thread-like &#039;wings&#039; on either side of a thicker centre. They are usually around 3 x 0.5 mm in size.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; An individual buddleja plant can produce up to three million seeds in a year, which are highly-dispersible over a large area in a short space of time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.wiseknotweed.com/services/buddleia/ Buddleia]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Wise Knotweed Solutions&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Flourishing on abandoned buildings and wasteland===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BétonReinforcedConcrete2008 518.jpg|thumb|Taking root in reinforced concrete wall]]Buddleja davidii is classified as an invasive species and a threat to native plants in the temperate climates of coastal North America, Europe and New Zealand. The plant&#039;s tolerance of a wide range of conditions and ability to quickly produce seeds has seen it spread from cultivated gardens to wild or disturbed lands such as road cuts or new development sites.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plant first naturalized on a wide scale in Europe in the 1930s and 40s when the destruction of cities during World War II provided suitable habitats in the form of building rubble for dense buddleja thickets to become established.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The plant feeds on lime-rich mortar and can use the fissures between bricks to gain hold, able to thrive on minimal nutrients once established. One of its original natural habitats in China was on limestone outcrops.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.buddlejagarden.co.uk/introdav.html An Introduction to Buddleja davidii]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Buddleja Garden&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As the plant takes hold, its root systems can weaken masonry and brickwork as they grow, causing potentially costly repair bills or even rendering a property unstable.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Buddleia&amp;quot;, Wise Knotweed Solutions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Buddleja davidii also thrives in quarries, urban waste grounds, abandoned cultivated areas, and along transport corridors, where its seeds can be spread by trains and cars.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plant&#039;s increasing ubiquity across derelict inner-city sites and around the edgelands of industrial infrastructure have seen it embraced by urban geographers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Lower Garfield Street, Belfast (3) - geograph.org.uk - 693092.jpg|thumb|Lower Garfield Street, Belfast]]Belfast-based architect and urban historian Declan Hill has lectured on buddleja and hosted walking tours around abandoned or neglected sites in Belfast city centre, in search of the most luxuriously blooming examples.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Declan Hill, &amp;quot;[http://www.placeni.org/2017-events.html Belfast&#039;s Buddleia in Bloom]&amp;quot;, 12th of August 2017, hosted by PLACE, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Artist Aoife Desmond&#039;s &#039;&#039;Buddleja Forest&#039;&#039; is a 2012 film work that overlays Super 8 mm photography of buddleja plants and the urban habitats they have colonized, with a series of interviews and audio recordings with botanists, an architect and a herbalist.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Aoife Desmond, &#039;&#039;Buddleja Forest&#039;&#039;, 2012, colour super 8mm film, 6 mins, sound, https://aoifedesmond.com/#/buddleja/.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eoin O’Mahony and Stephen Rigney, in their online mapping project of brownfield sites in the north inner-city of Dublin, view buddleja as a positive emblem of disorder in the context of planning processes over-determined by the exchange value of derelict property and sites: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Buddleia, and the sites on which it grows, echoes Mary Douglas’s two conditions for people and things being out of place: ‘a set of ordered relations and a contravention of that order’.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eoin O’Mahony and Stephen Rigney, &amp;quot;‘What&#039;s the Story Buddleia?&#039; Opening up a public geography of dereliction in Dublin City&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Irish Geography&#039;&#039;, 48, May 2015, 89.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The out-of-placeness of both buddleja and the derelict sites it makes its home has a productive capacity, in that it contravenes the assumption of an economic order ceded to formal planning processes centering on permanency. &amp;quot;When we speak about a set of ordered relations for the city, whose order are we talking about?&amp;quot;, O’Mahony and Rigney ask.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid., 96.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Buddleja_davidii&amp;diff=747</id>
		<title>Buddleja davidii</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Buddleja_davidii&amp;diff=747"/>
		<updated>2018-11-27T17:00:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: Created page with &amp;quot;Buddleja davidiiBuddleja davidii is a flowering woody shrub widespread in temperate climates globally. Originally native to th...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Buddleja davidii (2559141442).jpg|thumb|Buddleja davidii]]Buddleja davidii is a flowering woody shrub widespread in temperate climates globally. Originally native to the Sichuan and Hubei provinces of central China, the plant was first introduced to Europe in the 1880s as an ornamental garden perennial with vigorously flowering summer blooms known for attracting butterflies and bees. Its small and light seeds can be easily borne by the wind, which has seen the plant spread widely and unpredictability, including taking root in the mortar of neglected or abandoned buildings and waste ground around urban centers. As a result, the plant is often classified as an invasive species, though it continues to be cultivated by gardeners.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Botanical characteristics===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The tree-like shrub is semi-deciduous, with leaves shed in the autumn that are immediately replaced with new, smaller leaves that persist until the following spring. It grows quickly, often up to two meters in a year, and has a high degree of plasticity to its form, depending on the terrain where it has taken root.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Susan Ebeling and Nita Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/10314 Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;CABI Invasive Species Compendium&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Its leaves are dark green with a serrated edge and very fine hairs on the underside. The plant&#039;s small flowers are generally an intense purple or lilac in the wild, whereas cultivated varieties can be red, white or yellow, with an orange interior. The flowers cluster in thick inflorescences  that can extend for up to 30cm at the end of the plants&#039; branches, forming distinctive cone-shaped panicles.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The flowers have a strong peppery, honey-scent and act as magnets for butterflies when they bloom in summer, lending the plant one of its informal names, &#039;butterfly bush&#039;. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddleja_davidii Buddleja davidii]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Wikipedia&#039;&#039;, last modified September 24, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/4587.shtml Butterfly bush]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;BBC Gardening Plantfinder&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Its small seeds are brown, with thread-like &#039;wings&#039; on either side of a thicker centre. They are usually around 3 x 0.5 mm in size.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; An individual Buddleja plant can produce up to three million seeds in a year, which are highly-dispersible over a large area in a short space of time.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.wiseknotweed.com/services/buddleia/ Buddleia]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Wise Knotweed Solutions&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Flourishing on abandoned buildings and wasteland===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BétonReinforcedConcrete2008 518.jpg|thumb|Taking root in reinforced concrete wall]]Buddleja is classified as an invasive species and a threat to native plants in the temperate climates of coastal North America, Europe and New Zealand. The plant&#039;s tolerance of a wide range of conditions and ability to quickly produce seeds has seen it spread from cultivated gardens to wild or disturbed lands such as road cuts or new development sites.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plant first naturalized on a wide scale in Europe in the 1930s and 40s when the destruction of cities during World War II provided suitable habitats in the form of building rubble for dense B. davidii thickets to become established.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The plant feeds on lime-rich mortar and can use the fissures between bricks to gain hold, able to thrive on minimal nutrients once established. One of its original natural habitats in China was on limestone outcrops.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.buddlejagarden.co.uk/introdav.html An Introduction to Buddleja davidii]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Buddleja Garden&#039;&#039;, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As the plant takes hold, its root systems can weaken masonry and brickwork as they grow, causing potentially costly repair bills or even rendering a property unstable.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Buddleia&amp;quot;, Wise Knotweed Solutions.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The plant also thrives in quarries, urban waste grounds, abandoned cultivated areas, and along transport corridors, where its seeds can be spread by trains and cars.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ebeling and Tallent-Halsell, &amp;quot;Buddleja davidii&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The plant&#039;s increasing ubiquity across derelict inner-city sites and around the edgelands of industrial infrastructure have seen Buddleja embraced by urban geographers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Lower Garfield Street, Belfast (3) - geograph.org.uk - 693092.jpg|thumb|Lower Garfield Street, Belfast]]Belfast-based architect and urban historian Declan Hill has lectured on the plant and hosted walking tours around abandoned or neglected sites in Belfast city centre, in search of the most luxuriously blooming examples.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Declan Hill, &amp;quot;[http://www.placeni.org/2017-events.html Belfast&#039;s Buddleia in Bloom]&amp;quot;, 12th of August 2017, hosted by PLACE, retrieved November 27, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Artist Aoife Desmond&#039;s &#039;Buddleja Forest&#039; is a 2012 film work that overlays Super 8mm photography of Buddleja plants and the urban habitats they have colonized, with a series of interviews and audio recordings with a botanists, an architect and a herbalist.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Aoife Desmond, &#039;&#039;Buddleja Forest&#039;&#039;, 2012, colour super 8mm film, 6 mins, sound, https://aoifedesmond.com/#/buddleja/.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eoin O’Mahony and Stephen Rigney, in their online mapping project of brownfield sites in the north inner-city of Dublin, view buddleia as a positive emblem of disorder in the context of planning processes over-determined by the exchange value of derelict property and sites: &amp;quot;Buddleia, and the sites on which it grows, echoes Mary Douglas’s two conditions for people and things being out of place: ‘a set of ordered relations and a contravention of that order’.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eoin O’Mahony and Stephen Rigney, &amp;quot;‘What&#039;s the Story Buddleia?&#039; Opening up a public geography of dereliction in Dublin City&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Irish Geography&#039;&#039;, 48, May 2015, 89.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The out-of-placeness of both buddleia and the derelict sites it makes its home has a productive capacity, in that they contravene the assumption of an economic order ceded to formal planning processes centering on permanency. &amp;quot;When we speak about a set of ordered relations for the city, whose order are we talking about?&amp;quot;, they ask.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid., 96.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=542</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=542"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:42:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; background-color: #f6f6f6; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 10px; width:30%; height:40%&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada]]The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:birdswindowdecals.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Globe and Mail]]In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=541</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=541"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:40:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; background-color: #f6f6f6; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 10px; width:30%; height:40%&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada]]The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:birdswindowdecals.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Globe and Mail]]In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=540</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=540"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:38:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: /* Bird strikes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; background-color: #f6f6f6; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding: 10px; width:30%; height:40%&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada]]The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:birdswindowdecals.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Globe and Mail]]In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=539</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=539"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:34:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: /* Bird strikes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;float:right; margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px; width:30%; height:40%&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada]]The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:birdswindowdecals.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Globe and Mail]]In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=538</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=538"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:24:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: /* 2010 legislation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada]]The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:birdswindowdecals.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Globe and Mail]]In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=537</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=537"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:23:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: /* FLAP */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada]]The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=File:Smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg&amp;diff=536</id>
		<title>File:Smartplanet deadbird aug2012a.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=File:Smartplanet_deadbird_aug2012a.jpg&amp;diff=536"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:21:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Photo: Sara Scharf/FLAP Canada&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=File:Birdswindowdecals.JPG&amp;diff=535</id>
		<title>File:Birdswindowdecals.JPG</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=File:Birdswindowdecals.JPG&amp;diff=535"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:21:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Toronto Globe and Mail&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Photo: J.P. MOCZULSKI For The Toronto Globe and Mail&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=534</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=534"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T04:18:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Toronto_Centered.jpg|240px|thumb|right|The towers of Toronto&#039;s downtown financial district]] It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TD_Centre_banking_pavillion_15464613453.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Mies van der Rohe&#039;s Toronto Dominion Centre at night]]Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=533</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=533"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:59:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=532</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=532"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:58:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=531</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=531"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:55:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=530</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=530"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:50:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ibid.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=529</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=529"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:42:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Katelyn Verstraten, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=528</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=528"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:35:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://www.flap.org/ Bird Migration]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;FLAP Canada&#039;&#039;, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Timothy Appleby, &amp;quot;[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/landlord-cleared-in-deaths-of-birds-that-hit-glass-towers/article8447450/ Landlord cleared in deaths of birds that hit glass towers]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The Globe and Mail&#039;&#039;, Feb. 11, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Noor Javed, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2010/03/08/mirrored_towers_a_fatal_attraction_to_birds.html Mirrored towers a fatal attraction to birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 8, 2010, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gail Swainson, &amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/03/29/must_buildings_kill_birds.html Must buildings kill birds?]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, March 29, 2008, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/05/19/thousands_of_birds_injured_every_year_in_window_collisions.html Thousands of birds injured every year in window collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;Toronto Star&#039;&#039;, May 19, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ian Austen, &amp;quot;[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/world/americas/casualties-of-torontos-urban-skies.html Casualties of Toronto’s Urban Skies]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The New York Times&#039;&#039;, October 27, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass, and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Amy Serafin, &amp;quot;[http://www.zdnet.com/article/in-toronto-and-elsewhere-its-capitalism-vs-the-birds/ In Toronto and elsewhere, it&#039;s capitalism vs. the birds]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;ZDNet&#039;&#039;, August 26, 2013, retrieved January 23, 2017. &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chip Martin, &amp;quot;[http://www.lfpress.com/2014/04/10/london-looking-to-toronto-and-calgary-to-protect-migrating-birds-from-crashing-into-highrises London looks to Toronto and Calgary to ease bird-building collisions]&amp;quot;, &#039;&#039;The London Free Press&#039;&#039;, April 10, 2014, retrieved January 23, 2017.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs2}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=527</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=527"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:08:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction. 3 While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate. 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year. 1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant. 8&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle. 5 The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion. 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it. 5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.” &amp;quot;6&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds. 4 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration. 5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot; 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours. 6&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment. 1 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures. 1 Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot; 7&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures. 1 Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds. 5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, more Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass; and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England. 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=526</id>
		<title>Toronto&#039;s killing towers</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Toronto%27s_killing_towers&amp;diff=526"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T03:05:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: Created page with &amp;quot;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruct...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is estimated that around one billion birds die in collisions with buildings each year in the U.S., the biggest human-related cause of avian mortality after habitat destruction. 3 While the majority of bird strikes are on private homes, high-rise office buildings - because of their scale and material construction - have the vastly higher per-structure kill rate. 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, the fourth largest city in North America, has had a particularly severe problem with bird strikes, especially in its downtown business area, where its gleaming high-rise towers lie in the path of a number of ancient migratory bird routes between North and South America; up to ten million birds collide with buildings in the Greater Toronto Area each year. 1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a result, activists in the city have been at the forefront of new legislative and legal attempts to force developers and building owners to adopt measures to alleviate the problem, at both new and existing high-rise buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bird strikes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migratory birds use the stars, the moon, prominent land and water features, and the magnetic pull of the earth to navigate ancient migratory paths. In the Americas, neo-tropical birds leave winter feeding grounds in South America and the southern U.S. to fly north to summer breeding sites each spring. In the fall, as their young outgrow the nest and insect populations dwindle, they return south to warmer climates where food is abundant. 8&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Migrating birds travel day and night, and bird strikes happen when they encounter large man-made structures in their path and become disoriented. This happens at night when city lights disrupt their ability to navigate. Even greater a problem is daytime reflectiveness, where glass-clad high-rise buildings can mirror surrounding trees and vegetation, which birds perceive as habitat, zooming at it full throttle. 5 The cause of death is generally brain haemorrhage; birds can recover and fly away, only to later succumb to internal bleeding. Others become locked into a battle with their own reflections, eventually dropping from exhaustion. 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Victims are largely songbirds: urban birds like house sparrows, pigeons and gulls are less prone to collisions. Bird strike victims range in size from owls to hummingbirds, and include many endangered species - eastern king birds, warblers, thrushes, woodpeckers, robins, and clear wax wings - &amp;quot;the vividness of their plumage generally offset by the gruesomeness of their smashed heads&amp;quot;, as ornithologist Professor Daniel Klem Jr. puts it. 5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Shanta Persaud was standing at the photocopier one morning when she saw a little bird fly directly into a large window on the ground floor of her Scarborough office building. The receptionist ran outside to find the bird on the ground, gasping for its last breath. It “just hit the glass and fell to the ground. It sounded like a pebble against the glass,” she said. “It’s so sad.” &amp;quot;6&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Toronto&#039;s towers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto, with its tightly clustered downtown office buildings, has long been viewed as one of the world&#039;s most perilous cities for migratory birds. 4 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The city&#039;s skyline began to rise in the 1960&#039;s when glass curtain-walled towers were in the architectural vanguard, eventually forming a barrier along the north shore of Lake Ontario, along which several migratory flight paths cross. The buildings are the first large structures that birds meet coming south from the northern wilderness during their fall migration. 5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Toronto Dominion Centre, which opened in 1967, is an architectural treasure - the last completed project of legendary modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. A grouping of black towers, the centre has been one of the worst offenders for bird strikes. Campaigner Michael Mesure explained how the birds got trapped in the maze of buildings, &amp;quot;[they] fly close to the walls, where they felt safe, until they ended up in this dead-end alleyway and bounced up against the windows. The seagulls learned to wait there in packs and scavenge the fallen birds.&amp;quot; 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Consilium Place, a mirrored glass-clad office complex to the east of the city centre is another site of avian carnage; Mesure vividly recalls a &#039;day of hell&#039; at the Consilium towers, when it seemed to be &amp;quot;raining birds&amp;quot; on May 12, 2001. Volunteers recovered more than 500 injured or dead birds in the space of six hours. 6&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==FLAP==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Fatal Light Awareness Program was established by Michael Mesure in Toronto in 1993 to raise awareness of the city&#039;s bird strike problem and to lobby for new legislation that would force building owners to make their properties less treacherous for migratory birds. FLAP maintains a 60-strong volunteer force that patrols Toronto&#039;s downtown area twice a day during the migratory season. Volunteers collect dead birds in brown paper bags and use butterfly nets to capture injured birds to bring them to the Toronto Wildlife Centre for treatment. 1 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forty per cent of the birds survive the initial strike; around seven hundred are cared for and released by FLAP each year. Injuries include broken beaks, damaged feathers, fractured wings, and eye damage. Some birds just require feeding with dextrose to boost their blood sugar after the trauma of the collision, or anti-inflammatories to reduce head swelling. Recovered birds are released in the spring, beyond the buildings to the north of the city, to re-join their northward migration.1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dead birds are stored by FLAP in a freezer, their corpses put on display once a year at the Royal Museum Ontario to highlight the bird strike problem. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legislation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, the Toronto Green Standard was established, a set of performance measures for sustainable site and building design that includes requirements for new buildings to include specific bird collision deterrent measures. 1 Toronto councillor Glenn De Baeremaeker, one of the supporters behind the standard, has said, &amp;quot;This is a needless, senseless slaughter ... the birds are crushed - it is a horrific way for any creature to end its life.&amp;quot; 7&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deterrent measures involve muting reflections by treating glass with patterned adhesive films; a pattern of white dots, spaced no more that two inches apart horizontally, and four inches apart vertically, has been shown to be effective in preventing bird strikes. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The guidelines do not apply retroactively, however, and activists have had trouble convincing older buildings to adopt similar measures. 1 Menkes, the former owner of Consilium Place, &amp;quot;consistently rejected proposed solutions on the basis of cost and aesthetics.&amp;quot;  At the Toronto Dominion Centre, meanwhile, the owners tried applying a black pattern to Mies van der Rohe&#039;s masterpiece, &amp;quot;to avoid detracting from the architect&#039;s minimalist design&amp;quot;. Because they blend in with the building architecture, however, the black dots proved ineffective as a warning for birds. 5&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2010 legal cases==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 2010, two legal cases were brought against building owners by Toronto lawyer Albert Koel, of non-profit firm Ecojustice: the first against Menkes Developments, then-owners of Consilium Place, and the second against Cadillac Fairview, owners of the Yonge Corporate Centre in Northern Toronto.  Koel&#039;s case was built around the legal argument that reflected light is radiation, and buildings are therefore emitting a contaminant that causes harm to animals, violating the Environmental Protection Act. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As soon as the trials began, both building owners started to apply bird-friendly films to their windows. The case against Menkes was unsuccessful, and Cadillac Fairview were also acquitted, Justice Melvyn Green satisfied that the building owners had been diligent in rectifying the situation. However, as part of his judgement in the latter case, Justice Fairview ruled that two of the three charges did have substance, setting an important legal precedent that reflected light does indeed lure birds and is therefore prohibited under provincial and federal law. The ruling was seen as a victory for animal rights activists, as it will force more buildings to retroactively take measures to prevent bird strikes. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==New technologies==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since the 2010 ruling, more Toronto buildings have continued to be retrofitted with films to prevent bird collision. Globally, new technologies are being developed for the future, including screen-printed and acid etched glass; and a German company is developing a UV reflective glass coating that is visible to birds but invisible to humans. 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toronto&#039;s experience has proved to be a model for other large cities. London is also on a &#039;central flyway&#039;, with bird collisions during spring migration an increasing problem as that city has gone through its own high-rise expansion over the past decade. Environmental and animal safety experts are now looking toward the Canadian solutions as a model for adopting similar legislation in England. 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==References==&lt;br /&gt;
{Refs}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=282</id>
		<title>Archiwik:About</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=282"/>
		<updated>2016-10-24T16:57:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Headless-City-Graphic.jpg|400px|thumb|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; is a new public wiki that will gather together articles on themes of architecture and the built environment, specifically taking as its starting point the [[Architecture|definition of architecture]] laid out by French writer Georges Bataille in his 1929 &#039;Critical Dictionary&#039; entry on the term. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name, based on the simple compound of architecture and wiki, is intentionally awkward, with the tendency to stick on the tongue. &#039;&#039;Wik&#039;&#039; is indebted to the juvenile Northern Irish term &#039;&#039;wick&#039;&#039;, for something that is below par, or a bit useless. It also recalls the phrase to &#039;get on someone&#039;s wick&#039;, to annoy or irritate them, which is itself derived from the cockney rhyming slang &#039;Hampton Wick&#039; for &#039;prick&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; has been initiated by artist Mark Orange and is launching in November 2016 as a contributing project at the Galway, Ireland-based arts festival TULCA. TULCA curator Daniel Jewesbury proposes the theme for the festival - &#039;&#039;The Headless City&#039;&#039; - as a loose framework for a wide range of projects and events that, &amp;quot;inform and shape our thinking about the city, through their ability to make us aware of certain problems and ongoing unresolved contradictions, by dramatising our unease about the city, or by generating that unease.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Daniel Jewesbury, “The Headless City: Visions of Impossible Existence”, in &#039;&#039;TULCA 2016&#039;&#039;, exhibition catalogue.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First published in the journal &#039;&#039;Documents&#039;&#039; in 1929 as part of series of texts forming a conjectural &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; (Critical Dictionary), Bataille&#039;s [[Architecture|“Architecture” article]] stresses the capacity of architecture to exert both literal and metaphorical power. Writing primarily of the monumental public buildings of the French church and state, Bataille points out how architectural form itself can act as proxy for these institutions in ordering and prohibiting behavior. Architecture has the ability to manifest social hierarchy and political power, but can also affect and convey that power to those who walk in its shadow. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This definition of &#039;&#039;the architectural&#039;&#039; - as that which is ordered or ordering - extended, for Bataille, to any system, from the social to the psychological. In painting, it is evinced as classical composition and, in the most advanced painters working in the Paris of his day, Bataille saw a route out of the architectural injunction: by escaping form itself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The influence of the article on architects and theoreticians has been far-reaching. Most notably, Denis Hollier&#039;s elaboration of Bataille&#039;s central thesis, in &#039;&#039;La Prise de la Concorde&#039;&#039; (1974; published in English as &#039;&#039;Against Architecture&#039;&#039; in 1989), has insured an extended afterlife for the text. Hollier develops Bataille&#039;s premise by demonstrating the degree to which architectural terminology and its metaphors reach deeply into the construction of language itself, underpinning narratives of historical progress and much of the edifice of rational philosophy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More recently, architect and writer Jill Stoner, in &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039;, argues for the continued relevance of Bataille&#039;s text to the architectural and urban environment. Where, for Bataille (writing in Paris in the 1920&#039;s), the source of architectural authority was the church, the military and the judiciary, for Stoner, it is in the speculative redevelopment of our cities, and the corporate facades of the neoliberal economy that we can see the blank face of today&#039;s financial and political elites: &amp;quot;... here in full force (though in radically different form) are the architectures of power that Bataille so precisely described seventy years ago. They place the argument for alternate and subversive spatial strategies squarely at our door step&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jill Stoner, &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039; (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2012)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:DOCUMENTS-1929-117-article.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Documents 2, 1929, p.117]]&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; aims to explore and expand some of these themes, from the central starting point of Bataille&#039;s article. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We invite artists, architects, writers, academics, and all interested parties, to contribute to the project throughout its launch at TULCA 2016 and going forward thereafter. Articles can take as broad an approach to the central area of focus as contributors feel appropriate, from scholarly articles on the post-urban city, to investigations of the more lurid or bizarre side of architecture and the built environment. Possible categories might include: critical or literary texts central to the theme; minor architectures; architectural appropriations and misuses; haunted structures; architecture and crime; ruins and ancient architectures; the architect&#039;s body; gravity and entropy; unauthored structures; architectural excess.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The choice of a wiki as format underlines the collaborative intentions for the project and proposes, in a playful way, an encyclopedic scope analogous to Bataille&#039;s &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; series, in which the &amp;quot;Architecture&amp;quot; article first appeared. Bataille flouted the ideals of comprehensiveness and scholarly objectivity associated with the dictionary, cutting across conventional hierarchies and categories with a fragmentary choice of entries ranging from Buster Keaton to spittle, factory chimneys to shellfish. Michael Richardson describes the &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire&#039;&#039; as “an edifice lacking architecture but emerging through the process of construction from the ground up”,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael Richardson, &amp;quot;Dictionary&amp;quot;, in &#039;&#039;Undercover surrealism : Georges Bataille and Documents&#039;&#039;, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006), 92&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and it is in this spirit that we hope the &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; project will take shape. &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; will foreground wide-ranging and unexpected takes on its ostensible subject of architecture and the built environment, and remain committed to playing architecture, as &#039;first of the arts&#039;, against its opposite: the vertiginous, the contingent, the minor, the infirm - all that acts counter to the edification of grand designs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=281</id>
		<title>Archiwik:About</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=281"/>
		<updated>2016-10-24T16:53:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Headless-City-Graphic.jpg|400px|thumb|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; is a new public wiki that will gather together articles on themes of architecture and the built environment, specifically taking as its starting point the [[Architecture|definition of architecture]] laid out by French writer Georges Bataille in his 1929 &#039;Critical Dictionary&#039; entry on the term. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name, based on the simple compound of architecture and wiki, is intentionally awkward, with the tendency to stick on the tongue. &#039;&#039;Wik&#039;&#039; is indebted to the juvenile Northern Irish term &#039;&#039;wick&#039;&#039;, for something that is below par, or a bit useless. It also recalls the phrase to &#039;get on someone&#039;s wick&#039;, to annoy or irritate them, which is itself derived from the cockney rhyming slang &#039;Hampton Wick&#039; for &#039;prick&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; has been initiated by artist Mark Orange and is launching in November 2016 as a contributing project at the Galway, Ireland-based arts festival TULCA. TULCA curator Daniel Jewesbury proposes the theme for the festival - &#039;&#039;The Headless City&#039;&#039; - as a loose framework for a wide range of projects and events that, &amp;quot;inform and shape our thinking about the city, through their ability to make us aware of certain problems and ongoing unresolved contradictions, by dramatising our unease about the city, or by generating that unease.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Daniel Jewesbury, “The Headless City: Visions of Impossible Existence”, in &#039;&#039;TULCA 2016&#039;&#039;, exhibition catalogue.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First published in the journal &#039;&#039;Documents&#039;&#039; in 1929 as part of series of texts forming a conjectural &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; (Critical Dictionary), Bataille&#039;s [[Architecture|“Architecture” article]] stresses the capacity of architecture to exert both literal and metaphorical power. Writing primarily of the monumental public buildings of the French church and state, Bataille points out how architectural form itself can act as proxy for these institutions in ordering and prohibiting behavior. Architecture has the ability to manifest social hierarchy and political power, but can also affect and convey that power to those who walk in its shadow. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This definition of &#039;&#039;the architectural&#039;&#039; - as that which is ordered or ordering - extended, for Bataille, to any system, from the social to the psychological. In painting, it is evinced as classical composition and, in the most advanced painters working in the Paris of his day, Bataille saw a route out of the architectural injunction: by escaping form itself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The influence of the article on architects and theoreticians has been far-reaching. Most notably, Denis Hollier&#039;s elaboration of Bataille&#039;s central thesis, in &#039;&#039;La Prise de la Concorde&#039;&#039; (1974; published in English as &#039;&#039;Against Architecture&#039;&#039; in 1989), has insured an extended afterlife for the text. Hollier develops Bataille&#039;s premise by demonstrating the degree to which architectural terminology and its metaphors reach deeply into the construction of language itself, underpinning narratives of historical progress and much of the edifice of rational philosophy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More recently, architect and writer Jill Stoner, in &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039; argues for the continued relevance of Bataille&#039;s text to the architectural and urban environment. Where, for Bataille (writing in Paris in the 1920&#039;s), the source of architectural authority was the church, the military and the judiciary, for Stoner, it is in the speculative redevelopment of our cities, and the corporate facades of the neoliberal economy that we can see the blank face of today&#039;s financial and political elites: &amp;quot;... here in full force (though in radically different form) are the architectures of power that Bataille so precisely described seventy years ago. They place the argument for alternate and subversive spatial strategies squarely at our door step&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jill Stoner, &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039; (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2012)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:DOCUMENTS-1929-117-article.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Documents 2, 1929, p.117]]&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; aims to explore and expand some of these themes, from the central starting point of Bataille&#039;s article. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We invite artists, architects, writers, academics, and all interested parties, to contribute to the project throughout its launch at TULCA 2016 and going forward thereafter. Articles can take as broad an approach to the central area of focus as contributors feel appropriate, from scholarly articles on the post-urban city, to investigations of the more lurid or bizarre side of architecture and the built environment. Possible categories might include: critical or literary texts central to the theme; minor architectures; architectural appropriations and misuses; haunted structures; architecture and crime; ruins and ancient architectures; the architect&#039;s body; gravity and entropy; unauthored structures; architectural excess.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The choice of a wiki as format underlines the collaborative intentions for the project and proposes, in a playful way, an encyclopedic scope analogous to Bataille&#039;s &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; series, in which the &amp;quot;Architecture&amp;quot; article first appeared. Bataille flouted the ideals of comprehensiveness and scholarly objectivity associated with the dictionary, cutting across conventional hierarchies and categories with a fragmentary choice of entries ranging from Buster Keaton to spittle, factory chimneys to shellfish. Michael Richardson describes the &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire&#039;&#039; as “an edifice lacking architecture but emerging through the process of construction from the ground up”,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael Richardson, &amp;quot;Dictionary&amp;quot;, in &#039;&#039;Undercover surrealism : Georges Bataille and Documents&#039;&#039;, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006), 92&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and it is in this spirit that we hope the &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; project will take shape. &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; will foreground wide-ranging and unexpected takes on its ostensible subject of architecture and the built environment, and remain committed to playing architecture, as &#039;first of the arts&#039;, against its opposite: the vertiginous, the contingent, the minor, the infirm - all that acts counter to the edification of grand designs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=280</id>
		<title>Archiwik:About</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=280"/>
		<updated>2016-10-24T16:52:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Headless-City-Graphic.jpg|400px|thumb|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; is a new public wiki that will gather together articles on themes of architecture and the built environment, specifically taking as its starting point the [[Architecture|definition of architecture]] laid out by French writer Georges Bataille in his 1929 &#039;Critical Dictionary&#039; entry on the term. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name, based on the simple compound of architecture and wiki, is intentionally awkward, with the tendency to stick on the tongue. &#039;&#039;Wik&#039;&#039; is indebted to the juvenile Northern Irish term &#039;&#039;wick&#039;&#039;, for something that is below par, or a bit useless. It also recalls the phrase to &#039;get on someone&#039;s wick&#039;, to annoy or irritate them, which is itself derived from the cockney rhyming slang &#039;Hampton Wick&#039; for &#039;prick&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; has been initiated by artist Mark Orange and is launching in November 2016 as a contributing project at the Galway, Ireland-based arts festival TULCA. TULCA curator Daniel Jewesbury proposes the theme for the festival - &#039;&#039;The Headless City&#039;&#039; - as a loose framework for a wide range of projects and events that, &amp;quot;inform and shape our thinking about the city, through their ability to make us aware of certain problems and ongoing unresolved contradictions, by dramatising our unease about the city, or by generating that unease.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Daniel Jewesbury, “The Headless City: Visions of Impossible Existence”, in &#039;&#039;TULCA 2016&#039;&#039;, exhibition catalogue.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First published in the journal &#039;&#039;Documents&#039;&#039; in 1929 as part of series of texts forming a conjectural &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; (Critical Dictionary), Bataille&#039;s [[Architecture|“Architecture” article]] stresses the capacity of architecture to exert both literal and metaphorical power. Writing primarily of the monumental public buildings of the French church and state, Bataille points out how architectural form itself can act as proxy for these institutions in ordering and prohibiting behavior. Architecture has the ability to manifest social hierarchy and political power, but can also affect and convey that power to those who walk in its shadow. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This definition of &#039;&#039;the architectural&#039;&#039; - as that which is ordered or ordering - extended, for Bataille, to any system, from the social to the psychological. In painting, it is evinced as classical composition and, in the most advanced painters working in the Paris of his day, Bataille saw a route out of the architectural injunction: by escaping form itself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The influence of the article on architects and theoreticians has been far-reaching. Most notably, Denis Hollier&#039;s elaboration of Bataille&#039;s central thesis, in &#039;&#039;La Prise de la Concorde&#039;&#039; (1974; published in English as &#039;&#039;Against Architecture&#039;&#039; in 1989), has insured an extended afterlife for the text. Hollier develops Bataille&#039;s premise by demonstrating the degree to which architectural terminology and its metaphors reach deeply into the construction of language itself, underpinning narratives of historical progress and much of the edifice of rational philosophy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More recently, architect and writer Jill Stoner, in &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039; (MIT Press, 2012) argues for the continued relevance of Bataille&#039;s text to the architectural and urban environment. Where, for Bataille (writing in Paris in the 1920&#039;s), the source of architectural authority was the church, the military and the judiciary, for Stoner, it is in the speculative redevelopment of our cities, and the corporate facades of the neoliberal economy that we can see the blank face of today&#039;s financial and political elites: &amp;quot;... here in full force (though in radically different form) are the architectures of power that Bataille so precisely described seventy years ago. They place the argument for alternate and subversive spatial strategies squarely at our door step&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jill Stoner, &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039; (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2012)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:DOCUMENTS-1929-117-article.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Documents 2, 1929, p.117]]&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; aims to explore and expand some of these themes, from the central starting point of Bataille&#039;s article. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We invite artists, architects, writers, academics, and all interested parties, to contribute to the project throughout its launch at TULCA 2016 and going forward thereafter. Articles can take as broad an approach to the central area of focus as contributors feel appropriate, from scholarly articles on the post-urban city, to investigations of the more lurid or bizarre side of architecture and the built environment. Possible categories might include: critical or literary texts central to the theme; minor architectures; architectural appropriations and misuses; haunted structures; architecture and crime; ruins and ancient architectures; the architect&#039;s body; gravity and entropy; unauthored structures; architectural excess.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The choice of a wiki as format underlines the collaborative intentions for the project and proposes, in a playful way, an encyclopedic scope analogous to Bataille&#039;s &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; series, in which the &amp;quot;Architecture&amp;quot; article first appeared. Bataille flouted the ideals of comprehensiveness and scholarly objectivity associated with the dictionary, cutting across conventional hierarchies and categories with a fragmentary choice of entries ranging from Buster Keaton to spittle, factory chimneys to shellfish. Michael Richardson describes the &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire&#039;&#039; as “an edifice lacking architecture but emerging through the process of construction from the ground up”,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael Richardson, &amp;quot;Dictionary&amp;quot;, in &#039;&#039;Undercover surrealism : Georges Bataille and Documents&#039;&#039;, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006), 92&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and it is in this spirit that we hope the &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; project will take shape. &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; will foreground wide-ranging and unexpected takes on its ostensible subject of architecture and the built environment, and remain committed to playing architecture, as &#039;first of the arts&#039;, against its opposite: the vertiginous, the contingent, the minor, the infirm - all that acts counter to the edification of grand designs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=279</id>
		<title>Archiwik:About</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.archiwik.org/index.php?title=Archiwik:About&amp;diff=279"/>
		<updated>2016-10-24T16:50:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Spammer: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[File:Headless-City-Graphic.jpg|400px|thumb|right|]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; is a new public wiki that will gather together articles on themes of architecture and the built environment, specifically taking as its starting point the [[Architecture|definition of architecture]] laid out by French writer Georges Bataille in his 1929 &#039;Critical Dictionary&#039; entry on the term. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name, based on the simple compound of architecture and wiki, is intentionally awkward, with the tendency to stick on the tongue. &#039;&#039;Wik&#039;&#039; is indebted to the juvenile Northern Irish term &#039;&#039;wick&#039;&#039;, for something that is below par, or a bit useless. It also recalls the phrase to &#039;get on someone&#039;s wick&#039;, to annoy or irritate them, which is itself derived from the cockney rhyming slang &#039;Hampton Wick&#039; for &#039;prick&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; has been initiated by artist Mark Orange and is launching in November 2016 as a contributing project at the Galway, Ireland-based arts festival TULCA. TULCA curator Daniel Jewesbury proposes the theme for the festival - &#039;&#039;The Headless City&#039;&#039; - as a loose framework for a wide range of projects and events that, &amp;quot;inform and shape our thinking about the city, through their ability to make us aware of certain problems and ongoing unresolved contradictions, by dramatising our unease about the city, or by generating that unease.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Daniel Jewesbury, “The Headless City: Visions of Impossible Existence”, in &#039;&#039;TULCA 2016&#039;&#039;, exhibition catalogue.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First published in the journal &#039;&#039;Documents&#039;&#039; in 1929 as part of series of texts forming a conjectural &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; (Critical Dictionary), Bataille&#039;s [[Architecture|“Architecture” article]] stresses the capacity of architecture to exert both literal and metaphorical power. Writing primarily of the monumental public buildings of the French church and state, Bataille points out how architectural form itself can act as proxy for these institutions in ordering and prohibiting behavior. Architecture has the ability to manifest social hierarchy and political power, but can also affect and convey that power to those who walk in its shadow. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This definition of &#039;&#039;the architectural&#039;&#039; - as that which is ordered or ordering - extended, for Bataille, to any system, from the social to the psychological. In painting, it is evinced as classical composition and, in the most advanced painters working in the Paris of his day, Bataille saw a route out of the architectural injunction: by escaping form itself. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The influence of the article on architects and theoreticians has been far-reaching. Most notably, Denis Hollier&#039;s elaboration of Bataille&#039;s central thesis, in &#039;&#039;La Prise de la Concorde&#039;&#039; (1974; published in English as &#039;&#039;Against Architecture&#039;&#039; in 1989), has insured an extended afterlife for the text. Hollier develops Bataille&#039;s premise by demonstrating the degree to which architectural terminology and its metaphors reach deeply into the construction of language itself, underpinning narratives of historical progress and much of the edifice of rational philosophy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More recently, architect and writer Jill Stoner, in &#039;&#039;Toward A Minor Architecture&#039;&#039; (MIT Press, 2012) argues for the continued relevance of Bataille&#039;s text to the architectural and urban environment. Where, for Bataille (writing in Paris in the 1920&#039;s), the source of architectural authority was the church, the military and the judiciary, for Stoner, it is in the speculative redevelopment of our cities, and the corporate facades of the neoliberal economy that we can see the blank face of today&#039;s financial and political elites: &amp;quot;... here in full force (though in radically different form) are the architectures of power that Bataille so precisely described seventy years ago. They place the argument for alternate and subversive spatial strategies squarely at our door step&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:DOCUMENTS-1929-117-article.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Documents 2, 1929, p.117]]&#039;&#039;Archiwik.org&#039;&#039; aims to explore and expand some of these themes, from the central starting point of Bataille&#039;s article. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We invite artists, architects, writers, academics, and all interested parties, to contribute to the project throughout its launch at TULCA 2016 and going forward thereafter. Articles can take as broad an approach to the central area of focus as contributors feel appropriate, from scholarly articles on the post-urban city, to investigations of the more lurid or bizarre side of architecture and the built environment. Possible categories might include: critical or literary texts central to the theme; minor architectures; architectural appropriations and misuses; haunted structures; architecture and crime; ruins and ancient architectures; the architect&#039;s body; gravity and entropy; unauthored structures; architectural excess.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The choice of a wiki as format underlines the collaborative intentions for the project and proposes, in a playful way, an encyclopedic scope analogous to Bataille&#039;s &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire Critique&#039;&#039; series, in which the &amp;quot;Architecture&amp;quot; article first appeared. Bataille flouted the ideals of comprehensiveness and scholarly objectivity associated with the dictionary, cutting across conventional hierarchies and categories with a fragmentary choice of entries ranging from Buster Keaton to spittle, factory chimneys to shellfish. Michael Richardson describes the &#039;&#039;Dictionnaire&#039;&#039; as “an edifice lacking architecture but emerging through the process of construction from the ground up”,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael Richardson, &amp;quot;Dictionary&amp;quot;, in &#039;&#039;Undercover surrealism : Georges Bataille and Documents&#039;&#039;, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006), 92&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and it is in this spirit that we hope the &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; project will take shape. &#039;&#039;Archiwik&#039;&#039; will foreground wide-ranging and unexpected takes on its ostensible subject of architecture and the built environment, and remain committed to playing architecture, as &#039;first of the arts&#039;, against its opposite: the vertiginous, the contingent, the minor, the infirm - all that acts counter to the edification of grand designs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Refs}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Spammer</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>