Barriers to entry - Revision history

Tenementofnaught at 16:19, 2 November 2018

2018-11-02T16:19:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:19, 2 November 2018
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	The above text is a segment from the European Commission's Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to national governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy, or any other initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. Member states of the European Union are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.<ref>See: "[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/ Ireland Strategic Investment Fund]", ''The National Treasury Management Agency'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> What this means in real terms is that, despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as ~~the~~ housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.		The above text is a segment from the European Commission's Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to national governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy, or any other initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. Member states of the European Union are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.<ref>See: "[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/ Ireland Strategic Investment Fund]", ''The National Treasury Management Agency'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> What this means in real terms is that, despite the fact that financial resources exist at a national level to deal with critical issues such as housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.


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	[[File:3000.jpg\|thumb\|right]]This is also ~~know,~~ as ''hostile architecture'' or ''defensive architecture'', a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than cures.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture Hostile Architecture]", ''Wikipedia'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> Another example is the emission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which serves to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of such tactics argue that it uses architecture to enforce social divisions. It is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as public space increasingly becomes privatised.		[[File:3000.jpg\|thumb\|right]]This is also known as ''hostile architecture'' or ''defensive architecture'', a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than cures.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture Hostile Architecture]", ''Wikipedia'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> Another example is the emission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which serves to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of such tactics argue that it uses architecture to enforce social divisions. It is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as public space increasingly becomes privatised.

	==References==		==References==
	{{Refs}}		{{Refs}}

Tenementofnaught at 18:36, 1 November 2018

2018-11-01T18:36:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:36, 1 November 2018
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	The above text is a segment from the European Commission's Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy, or any other initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. Member states of the European Union are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.<ref>See: "[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/ Ireland Strategic Investment Fund]", ''The National Treasury Management Agency'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> What this means in real terms is that, despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.		The above text is a segment from the European Commission's Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to national governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy, or any other initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. Member states of the European Union are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.<ref>See: "[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/ Ireland Strategic Investment Fund]", ''The National Treasury Management Agency'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> What this means in real terms is that, despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.


	[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The Foster Court Hotel in Galway city centre lies empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside.]] Chronic homelessness is on the rise in Ireland, as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. As of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City, yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation, and rising.<ref>"[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf Housing and Homelessness Crisis in numbers]", ''Simon Community'', August 2016, retrieved November 2016.</ref> The Irish state's hands seemingly tied by the EU, there is a distinct a lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs in the face of imperatives toward austerity and the majesty of the free market.		[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The Foster Court Hotel in Galway city centre lies empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside.]] Chronic homelessness is on the rise in Ireland, as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. As of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City, yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation, and rising.<ref>"[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf Housing and Homelessness Crisis in numbers]", ''Simon Community'', August 2016, retrieved November 2016.</ref> The Irish state's hands seemingly tied by the EU, there is a distinct lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs in the face of EU imperatives toward austerity, and the majesty of the free market.


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	[[File:3000.jpg\|thumb\|right]]This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than ~~the cure~~.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture Hostile Architecture]", ''Wikipedia'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> Another example is the emission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which ~~act~~ to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of ~~'hostile architecture'~~ argue that it uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". It is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as public space increasingly becomes privatised.		[[File:3000.jpg\|thumb\|right]]This is also know, as ''hostile architecture'' or ''defensive architecture'', a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than cures.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture Hostile Architecture]", ''Wikipedia'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> Another example is the emission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which serves to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of such tactics argue that it uses architecture to enforce social divisions. It is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as public space increasingly becomes privatised.

	==References==		==References==
	{{Refs}}		{{Refs}}

Tenementofnaught: Minor edits for clarity of meaning and formatting

2018-11-01T18:28:43Z

Minor edits for clarity of meaning and formatting

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 1 November 2018
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	===FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3===		===FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3===

	''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.'' <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], ~~more text~~.</ref>		[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|right\|thumb]]''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''<ref>"[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm Stability and Growth Pact]", ''The European Commission'', retrieved November 2016.</ref>


	~~[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|left\|400px\|caption]]~~		The above text is a segment from the European Commission's Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy, or any other initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. Member states of the European Union are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.<ref>See: "[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/ Ireland Strategic Investment Fund]", ''The National Treasury Management Agency'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> What this means in real terms is that, despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.
	The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or ~~basically~~ any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. ~~States~~ are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%. <ref>[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/], ~~more text~~.</ref> What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.


	~~Homelessness~~ is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. ~~For example as~~ of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising. <ref>[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], ~~more text~~.</ref> ~~the State~~'s hands seemingly tied, ~~the~~ lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs~~, cowering before~~ the majesty of the market.~~[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]~~		[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The Foster Court Hotel in Galway city centre lies empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside.]] Chronic homelessness is on the rise in Ireland, as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. As of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City, yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation, and rising.<ref>"[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf Housing and Homelessness Crisis in numbers]", ''Simon Community'', August 2016, retrieved November 2016.</ref> The Irish state's hands seemingly tied by the EU, there is a distinct a lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs in the face of imperatives toward austerity and the majesty of the free market.

	[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. <ref>[http://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/37921908.pdf], more text.</ref> Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.

	~~The emergence~~ of ~~"anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way~~ that ~~urban planners~~ have ~~innovated in which public spaces are constructed~~ or ~~altered~~ to ~~discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner~~. ~~Sloped benches~~ and ~~window cills or benches with armrests on top~~ that ~~prevent~~ people ~~from lying down are another example~~.		[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Boarded up social housing in Galway city.]] In theories of competition in economics, a ''barrier to entry'', is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur.<ref>See: "[http://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/37921908.pdf Competition and Barriers to Entry]", ''Policy Brief'', Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, January 2007, retrieved November 2016.</ref> Ironically, the way that Ireland's economic system has been structured acts as a literal barrier to entry for people in need of housing accommodation.

	~~[[File:3000.jpg\|none\|400px\|caption]]~~

	This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture], ~~more text~~.</ref> Another example is the ~~omission~~ of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it ~~replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and~~ uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". ~~this~~ is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as ~~a result of gentrification~~.		===Hostile Architecture===


			The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal physical manifestation of how urban planners have innovated in the redevelopment of public-private spaces to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window sills, or benches with armrests that prevent people from lying down are another example.


			[[File:3000.jpg\|thumb\|right]]This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure.<ref>"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture Hostile Architecture]", ''Wikipedia'', retrieved November 2016.</ref> Another example is the emission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of 'hostile architecture' argue that it uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". It is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as public space increasingly becomes privatised.

			==References==
			{{Refs}}

193.1.57.1: /* FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3 */

2016-12-14T10:46:16Z

FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:46, 14 December 2016
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	Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising~~,Page text~~. <ref>[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]		Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising. <ref>[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]

	[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur~~.Page text~~. <ref>[http://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/37921908.pdf], more text.</ref> Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.		[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. <ref>[http://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/37921908.pdf], more text.</ref> Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.

	The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way that urban planners have innovated in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window cills or benches with armrests on top that prevent people from lying down are another example.		The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way that urban planners have innovated in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window cills or benches with armrests on top that prevent people from lying down are another example.
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	[[File:3000.jpg\|none\|400px\|caption]]		[[File:3000.jpg\|none\|400px\|caption]]

	This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure~~.Page text~~. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture], more text.</ref> Another example is the omission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". this is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as a result of gentrification.		This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture], more text.</ref> Another example is the omission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". this is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as a result of gentrification.

193.1.57.1: /* FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3 */

2016-12-14T10:43:49Z

FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:43, 14 December 2016
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	[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|left\|400px\|caption]]		[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|left\|400px\|caption]]
	The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or basically any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. States are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%~~.Page text~~. <ref>[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/], more text.</ref> What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.		The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or basically any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. States are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%. <ref>[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/], more text.</ref> What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.

193.1.57.1: /* FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3 */

2016-12-14T10:42:34Z

FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:42, 14 December 2016
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	===FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3===		===FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3===

	''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''~~Page text.~~ <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>		''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.'' <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>

Bolshevik: /* FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3 */

2016-12-14T10:19:15Z

FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:19, 14 December 2016
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	Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising,Page text. <ref>[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]		Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising,Page text. <ref>[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]

	[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.		[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur.Page text. <ref>[http://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/37921908.pdf], more text.</ref> Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.

	The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way that urban planners have innovated in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window cills or benches with armrests on top that prevent people from lying down are another example.		The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way that urban planners have innovated in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window cills or benches with armrests on top that prevent people from lying down are another example.

Bolshevik: /* FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3 */

2016-12-14T10:16:01Z

FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:16, 14 December 2016
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	==FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3==		===FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3===

	''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''Page text. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>		''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''Page text. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>

Bolshevik at 10:14, 14 December 2016

2016-12-14T10:14:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:14, 14 December 2016
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	==FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3==		==FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3==

	''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''Page text. <ref>[~~http://~~http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>		''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''Page text. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>


	[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|left\|400px\|caption]]		[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|left\|400px\|caption]]
	The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or basically any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. States are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.Page text. <ref>[~~http://~~http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/], more text.</ref> What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.		The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or basically any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. States are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.Page text. <ref>[http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/], more text.</ref> What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.


	Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising,Page text. <ref>[~~http://~~http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]		Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising,Page text. <ref>[http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]

	[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.		[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.
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	[[File:3000.jpg\|none\|400px\|caption]]		[[File:3000.jpg\|none\|400px\|caption]]

	This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure.Page text. <ref>[http~~://https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture], more text.</ref> Another example is the omission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". this is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as a result of gentrification.		This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure.Page text. <ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture], more text.</ref> Another example is the omission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". this is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as a result of gentrification.

Bolshevik: /* FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3 */

2016-12-14T10:11:22Z

FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 14 December 2016
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	==FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3==		==FISCAL COMPACT ARTICLE 3==

	''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''		''The Contracting Parties shall apply the rules set out in this paragraph in addition and without prejudice to their obligations under European Union law: (a) the budgetary position of the general government of a Contracting Party shall be balanced or in surplus; (b) the rule under point (a) shall be deemed to be respected if the annual structural balance of the general government is at its country-specific medium-term objective, as defined in the revised Stability and Growth Pact, with a lower limit of a structural deficit of 0,5 % of the gross domestic product at market prices. The Contracting Parties shall ensure rapid convergence towards their respective medium-term objective. The time-frame for such convergence will be proposed by the European Commission taking into consideration country-specific sustainability risks. Progress towards, and respect of, the medium-term objective shall be evaluated on the basis of an overall assessment with the structural balance as a reference, including an analysis of expenditure net of discretionary revenue measures, in line with the revised Stability and Growth Pact.''Page text. <ref>[http://http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/index_en.htm], more text.</ref>


			[[File:European-Central-Bank.jpg\|left\|400px\|caption]]
			The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or basically any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. States are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%.Page text. <ref>[http://http://www.ntma.ie/business-areas/ireland-strategic-investment-fund/], more text.</ref> What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.

	The above text is a segment from the EU Fiscal Compact Treaty that relates to governments' ability to use revenue for investment in social projects such as the building of social housing, roads, rail, renewable energy or basically any initiative that would seek to use public funds for social infrastructure. States are prevented from pursuing such projects if their overall debt to GDP ratio is above 60%. What this means in real terms is that despite the fact that financial resources exist to deal with critical issues such as the housing shortages, states are prevented from doing so.

			Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising,Page text. <ref>[http://http://www.simon.ie/Portals/1/Housing%20and%20Homelessness%20Crisis%20in%20numbers2.pdf], more text.</ref> the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market.[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]

	~~[[File:250h1098782.jpg\|thumb\|the foster court hotel which is based in Galway city centre which lays empty while people are forced to sleep rough on the street outside]]~~		[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]] In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.

	[[File:2 houses.jpg\|thumb\|two boarded up social homes in Galway city]]





	Homelessness is on the rise as hotels and houses sit idle, boarded up, serving no immediate purpose. For example as of November 2016, 59 vacant properties exist in Galway City yet approximately 64 families are in emergency accommodation and rising, the State's hands seemingly tied, the lack of political leadership to marry existing resources with needs, cowering before the majesty of the market. In theories of competition in economics, a barrier to entry, is a cost that must be incurred by a new entrant into a market that incumbents don't have or haven't had to incur. Ironically the economic system that has been constructed acts as a literal barrier to entry for people seeking accommodation.~~"Page text. <ref>[http://example.org Example.org], more text.</ref>~~


	~~[[File:3000.jpg]]~~

	The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way that urban planners have innovated in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window cills or benches with armrests on top that prevent people from lying down are another example.		The emergence of "anti homeless spikes" has been one rather brutal way that urban planners have innovated in which public spaces are constructed or altered to discourage people from using them in a way not intended by the owner. Sloped benches and window cills or benches with armrests on top that prevent people from lying down are another example.

			[[File:3000.jpg\|none\|400px\|caption]]

	This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure. Another example is the omission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". this is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as a result of gentrification.		This is also know as hostile architecture or defensive architecture, a development that sets out to deal with symptoms rather than the cure.Page text. <ref>[http://https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture], more text.</ref> Another example is the omission of high pitched tones which are only audible to young people, which act to discourage groups of youths from loitering in specific areas. Critics of hostile architecture argue that it replaces public spaces with commercial or "pseudo-public" spaces and uses architecture "to enforce social divisions". this is becoming more and more common in many cities and urban centers as a result of gentrification.